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OpenCourseWare

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For MIT's OpenCourseWare website, see <a href="MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a>.</div>

OpenCourseWare (OCW) are <a href="Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">course</a> lessons created at universities and published for free via the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. OCW projects first appeared in the late 1990s, and after gaining traction in Europe and then the United States have become a worldwide means of delivering educational content.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The OpenCourseWare movement started in 1999 when the <a href="University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> in Germany published videos of <a href="Lecture" title="Lecture">lectures</a> online for its timms initiative (Tübinger Internet Multimedia Server).<a href="#cite_note-tub99-1">[1]</a> The OCW movement only took off with the launch of <a href="MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a> at the <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) and the Open Learning Initiative at <a href="Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> in October 2002. The movement was reinforced by the launch of similar projects at <a href="Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>, <a href="Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University</a>, the <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, and the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.

MIT's reasoning behind OCW was to "enhance human learning worldwide by the availability of a web of knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-CHE04-3">[3]</a> MIT also stated that it would allow students (including, but not limited to, its own) to become better prepared for classes so that they may be more engaged during a class. Since then, a number of universities have created OCW, some of which have been funded by the <a href="William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="William and Flora Hewlett Foundation">William and Flora Hewlett Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CHE04-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2></div>

According to the website of the OCW Consortium, an OCW project:

<ul><li>is a free and open digital publication of high quality educational materials, organized as courses.</li>

<li>is available for use and adaptation under an open license, such as certain <a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licenses.</li>

<li>does not typically provide certification or access to faculty.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="EdX" title="EdX">edX</a></div>

Ten years after the US debut of OCW, in 2012 MIT and <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> announced the formation of <a href="EdX" title="EdX">edX</a>, a <a href="Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online course</a> (MOOC) platform to offer online university-level courses in a wide range of disciplines to a worldwide audience at no charge. This new initiative was based on MIT's "MITx" project, announced in 2011, and extends the concepts of OCW by offering more structured formal courses to online students, including in some cases the possibility of earning <a href="Academic_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic credit">academic credit</a> or certificates based on supervised examinations. A major new feature of the edX platform is the ability for students to interact with each other and with teachers in online forums. In some cases, students will help evaluate each other's work, and may even participate in some of the teaching online.

In addition, edX is being used as an experimental research platform to support and evaluate a variety of other new concepts in online learning.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2></div>

A problem is that the creation and maintenance of comprehensive OCW requires substantial initial and ongoing investments of human labor. Effective translation into other languages and cultural contexts requires even more investment by knowledgeable personnel. This is one of the reasons why English is still the dominant language, and fewer open courseware options are available in other languages.<a href="#cite_note-tarasowa-2013-csedu-5">[5]</a> The OCW platform <a href="SlideWiki" title="SlideWiki">SlideWiki</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> addresses these issues through a <a href="Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> approach.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2></div>

Eduflic<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> - eduflic provides the platform and tools for everyone to access fully accredited online courses and degrees from top universities and industry leaders.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OER_Africa">OER Africa</h3></div>

OER Africa has various OCW offerings available:

<ul><li>The Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) Mathematics to assist teachers in their understanding upper primary and middle school maths as well as teaching issues relating to mathematical content<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li>

<li>The ACE School Leadership and Management aimed at empowering school leaders to lead and manage schools effectively<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li>

<li>The Household Food Security Programme aims to train household food security facilitators to work as change agents in the areas of agriculture, food and nutrition, focusing on households within communities<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li>

<li>The Partnership for Enhanced and Blended Learning (PEBL) assists university partners across East Africa to develop courses that can be offered by participant universities through blended learning<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li>

<li>The Agshare II project, a collaboration between three HEIs in Ethiopia and Uganda on agricultural issues, lists a number of courseware documents under the list of Resources, while Communication Skills courseware developed by the <a href="University_of_Malawi" title="University of Malawi">University of Malawi</a> is available at the IADP-SADC Digital Resources Project<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3></div>

<ul><li>Universidad Icesi, OpenCourseWare de la Universidad Icesi<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Getúlio Vargas">Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV Online)</a></li>

<li><a href="Universidade_Estadual_de_Campinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Estadual de Campinas">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Universidad_de_Monterrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Monterrey">Universidad de Monterrey</a>, 2007<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li>

<li><a href="Universidad_An%C3%A1huac_M%C3%A9xico_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Anáhuac México Norte">Universidad Anáhuac México Norte</a>, 2010<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

This listing is roughly in the order of adoption of OCW principles.

<ul><li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), 2002<a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, 2002 <a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a><a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><a href="#cite_note-riskhv-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li><a href="Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a></li>

<li><a href="Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul>

The following are not directly affiliated with a specific university:

<ul><li><a href="Academic_Earth" title="Academic Earth">Academic Earth</a> - privately owned</li>

<li><a href="Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a> - non-profit</li>

<li><a href="Students_Circle_Network" title="Students Circle Network">Students Circle Network</a> - peer to peer</li>

<li><a href="Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a> - venture capital financed<a href="#cite_note-riskhv_Coursera-23">[23]</a></li>

<li><a href="Udacity" title="Udacity">Udacity</a> - venture capital financed<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li>

<li><a href="EdX" title="EdX">edX</a> - acquired by <a href="2U_(company)" title="2U (company)">2U</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li>

<li><a href="Iversity" title="Iversity">iversity</a> - mixed (free and paid)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

OpenCourseWare, originally initiated by MIT and the Hewlett Foundation, came to China in September 2003, when MIT and the <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) joined together with <a href="Beijing_Jiaotong_University" title="Beijing Jiaotong University">Beijing Jiaotong University</a> to organize an OpenCourseWare conference in Beijing. As a result of this conference, 12 universities petitioned the government to institute a program of OpenCourseWare in China. This group included some of the most prestigious universities in China, as well as the <a href="Central_Radio_and_Television_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Radio and Television University">Central Radio and Television University</a>, which is China's central open university, with more than 2 million students.

As a result of this petition, the Chinese government instituted the CORE (<a href="China_Open_Resources_for_Education" title="China Open Resources for Education">China Open Resources for Education</a>)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> to promote OpenCourseWare in Chinese Universities, with Fun-Den Wang (the head of IETF) as chairman. The CORE is an <a href="Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> supported by the <a href="Hewlett_Foundation" title="Hewlett Foundation">Hewlett Foundation</a>, IETF and other foundations. According to CORE's website, it has nearly 100 Chinese universities as members, including the most prestigious universities in China, such as <a href="Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, <a href="Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> and <a href="Shanghai_Jiaotong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Jiaotong University">Shanghai Jiaotong University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This organization organized volunteers to translate foreign OpenCourseWare, mainly MIT OpenCourseWare into Chinese and to promote the application of OpenCourseWare in Chinese universities. In February 2008, 347 courses had been translated into Chinese and 245 of them were used by 200 professors in courses involving a total of 8,000 students. It also tried to translate some Chinese courses into English, but the number is not too much and some are only title translated.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> There have also been produced 148 comparative studies comparing MIT curriculum with Chinese curriculum using the MIT OpenCourseWare material.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> CORE's offices are hosted within the China Central Radio and Television University, and they receive partial funding from the IETF and the Hewlett Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Wang08-30">[30]</a> They also host annual conferences on open education, and the 2008 conference was co-located with the international OpenCourseWare Consortium conference, which brought a large amount of foreign participants.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The website has been offline since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

But before the OpenCourseWare conference in Beijing and the establishment of CORE, on April 8, 2003, the <a href="Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education</a> had published a policy to launch the <a href="China_Quality_Course" title="China Quality Course">China Quality Course</a> (精品课程) program.<a href="#cite_note-MOECN2003-33">[33]</a> This program accepts applications for university lecturers that wish to put their courses online, and gives grants of between $10,000 – 15,000 <a href="Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD</a> per course that is put online, and made available free of charge to the general public (ibid.). The most prestigious award is for the "national level CQOCW", then there is "provincial level" and "school level". From 2003 to 2010, they produced 3862 courses at the national level by 746 universities.<a href="#cite_note-Jingpinke-34">[34]</a> According to the official website for the China Quality Course, the total number of the courses available online is more than 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-网站维护中-35">[35]</a> These typically include syllabus, course notes, overheads, assignments, and in many cases audio or video of the entire lectures.<a href="#cite_note-Wang08-30">[30]</a> The scale of this project has also spurred a large research activity, and over 3,000 journal articles have been written in Chinese about the topic of OpenCourseWare.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

The UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE) has been promoting <a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open Educational Resources</a> (OER) in China.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

Cul-studies.com provides culture studies and teaching in China under a Creative Commons license run by Contemporary Culture Studies (CCCS) of the Shanghai University.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_Quality_Course">China Quality Course</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="China_Quality_Course" title="China Quality Course">China Quality Course</a></div>

<a href="China_Quality_Course" title="China Quality Course">China Quality Course</a> is a program launched by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China since April 8, 2003.<a href="#cite_note-MOECN2003-33">[33]</a>

The website allows for ranking of courses.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> From 2003 to 2010, 3862 courses had been produced at the national level by 746 universities.<a href="#cite_note-Jingpinke-34">[34]</a> According to the official website for the China Quality Course, the total number of courses available online is more than 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-网站维护中-35">[35]</a>

It lists no license or copyright on the website.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div>

<a href="University_of_Malaya" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya</a> (UM) is the foremost and premier Research University (RU) in Malaysia. It is a multidisciplinary RU that has more than 27,000 students and 1700 academic staff with 17 faculties and research centres that covers the whole spectrum of learning from the Arts, Sciences and Humanities. The university's beginning at the Kuala Lumpur campus dates back to 1959 and has graduated over 100,000 people, including leaders in various fields.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div>

The <a href="Virtual_University_of_Pakistan" title="Virtual University of Pakistan">Virtual University</a> (Urdu:ورچوئل یونیورسٹی; Vu), is a public university located in urban area of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Its additional campus is also located in residential area of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Established in 2002 by the Government of Pakistan to promote distance education in modern information and communication sciences as its primary objectives, the university is noted for its <a href="Online_lecture" title="Online lecture">online lectures</a> and broadcasting rigorous programs regardless of their students' physical locations. The university offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in business administration, economics, computer science, and information technology. Due to its heavy reliance on serving lectures through the internet, Pakistani students residing overseas in several other countries of the region are also enrolled in the university's programs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

The <a href="National_Programme_on_Technology_Enhanced_Learning" title="National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning">National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)</a> is a Government of India sponsored collaborative educational program. By developing curriculum-based video and web courses, the program aims to enhance the quality of engineering education in India. It is being jointly carried out by 7 IITs and IISc, Bangalore and is funded by the <a href="Ministry_of_Education_(India)" title="Ministry of Education (India)">Ministry of Education (previously Ministry of Human Resource Development) of the Government of India</a>.

Flexilearn is an open course portal. It was initiated by <a href="Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a>, and apart from providing free course materials, allows students to appear for the requisite exam conducted by the university and receive certification.

All previously operational local chapters are now collectively offering courses under <a href="SWAYAM" title="SWAYAM">SWAYAM</a> (Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds). This is done through a platform that facilitates hosting of all the courses, taught in classrooms from Class 9 till post-graduation. All the courses are interactive and free of cost to any learner. Nine national co-coordinators are appointed, which also includes NPTEL, i.e., course work by Indian engineering institutes headed by <a href="IIT_Madras" title="IIT Madras">IIT Madras</a>. The courses hosted on SWAYAM are in four quadrants – video lecture, specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded and/ or printed, self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes and an online discussion forum.<a href="#cite_note-Swayam_central-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div>

OpenCourseWare was introduced and adopted in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.

In 2002, researchers from the National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME) and <a href="Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tokyo Institute of Technology">Tokyo Institute of Technology</a> (Tokyo Tech) studied the MIT OpenCourseWare, leading them to develop an OCW pilot plan with 50 courses at Tokyo Institute of Technology in September.<a href="#cite_note-KK06a-43">[43]</a> Later, in July 2004, MIT gave a lecture about MIT OpenCourseWare at Tokyo Tech that prompted the first meeting of the Japan OCW Alliance. The meeting was held with four Japanese universities that had mainly been recruited through the efforts of MIT professor Miyagawa, and his personal contacts. In one case, the connection was the former president of the <a href="University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> being an acquaintance of <a href="Charles_Vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Vest">Charles Vest</a>, the former president of MIT.<a href="#cite_note-M06-44">[44]</a>

In 2006, the OCW International Conference was held at <a href="Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a> wherein the Japanese OCW Association was reorganized into the Japan OCW Consortium.<a href="#cite_note-KK06a-43">[43]</a> At that time, Japan OCW Consortium had over 600 courses; currently they have 18 university members, including the <a href="United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a> (JOCW, n.d.). On Japanese university campuses there are few experts in content production, which makes it difficult to get support locally, and many of the universities have had to outsource their production of OCW. In example, the University of Tokyo has had to mainly employ students to create OCW.<a href="#cite_note-KK06a-43">[43]</a>

The motivation for joining the OCW movement seems to be to create positive change among Japanese universities, including modernizing presentation style among lecturers, as well as sharing learning material.<a href="#cite_note-M06-44">[44]</a> Japanese researchers have been particularly interested in the technical aspects of OCW, for example in creating semantic search engines. There is currently a growing interest for Open Educational Resources (OER) among Japanese universities, and more universities are expected to join the consortium.<a href="#cite_note-KK06b-45">[45]</a>

"In order to become an integral institution that contributes to OER, the JOCW Consortium needs to forge solidarity among the member universities and build a rational for OER on its own, different from that of MIT, which would support the international deployment of Japanese universities and also Japanese style e-Learning."<a href="#cite_note-KK06b-45">[45]</a>

The "Maktabkhooneh (<a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مکتب خونه)" is an online educational platform in <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> which provides free online courses from universities in Iran. The motto of the Maktab-Khooneh is "Making Accessible Excellent High Quality Education For Every Iranian for Free".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Maktabkhooneh partners with Iran's top universities, mostly <a href="Sharif_University_of_Technology" title="Sharif University of Technology">Sharif University of Technology</a>, <a href="University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>, <a href="Amirkabir_University_of_Technology" title="Amirkabir University of Technology">Amirkabir University of Technology</a>, <a href="Tehran_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Tehran University of Medical Sciences">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</a> and so on. There is more than 200 courses available on Maktabkhooneh for free.

The "ocw.um.ac.ir (<a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سامانه فیلم های آموزشی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)" is an online educational platform in <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> which provides free online courses from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Iran. The motto of the ocw.um.ac.ir is "Making Accessible Excellent High Quality Education For Every Iranian for Free".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> ocw.um.ac.ir partners with Iran's top professors of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and so on. There is more than 200 courses available on ocw.um.ac.ir for free.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3></div>

Led by the <a href="National_Chiao_Tung_University" title="National Chiao Tung University">National Chiao Tung University</a>, Taiwan started organizing several open course plans, the main organization is named Taiwan open course and education consortium (<a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 台灣開放式課程暨教育聯盟). The plan attracted the <a href="National_Taiwan_University" title="National Taiwan University">National Taiwan University</a>, <a href="National_Chengchi_University" title="National Chengchi University">National Chengchi University</a>, <a href="National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">National Taiwan Normal University</a>, and others into the development of project.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, 1999<a href="#cite_note-tub99-1">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="SlideWiki" title="SlideWiki">SlideWiki.org</a> (developed at <a href="University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_universit%C3%A9_num%C3%A9rique" class="extiw external" title="fr:France université numérique">France Université Numérique</a>: The Mooc portal for French Universities, founded in 2013 with state support.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a>, 2007<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest" title="Politehnica University of Bucharest">Politehnica University of Bucharest</a>, 2012<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="OpenLearn" title="OpenLearn">OpenLearn</a>, the free learning portal developed by <a href="Open_University" title="Open University">The Open University</a>, UK.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2></div>

In the United Arab Emirates, a discussion, led by Dr. Linzi J. Kemp, <a href="American_University_of_Sharjah" title="American University of Sharjah">American University of Sharjah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> has begun about sharing teaching and learning materials (‘open course ware’) through a community of educators and practitioners in the GCC. There is growing availability of high quality and free open access materials shared between universities e.g. MIT (USA). Resource sharing also takes place on the ‘Open University (UK), OpenLearn’ platform. Kemp (2013) proposes that teaching and learning will be enhanced when teachers across institutions of higher education work together to bring their shared knowledge into classrooms. Furthermore, when the platform is opened up to include practitioners - e.g. employers - then the relationship with the industry will further ensure that the teaching and learning is available and beneficial for a wider community.

The <a href="Open_University_of_Israel" title="Open University of Israel">Open University of Israel</a> has been a member through its Pe'er initiative since 2008.

<ul><li><a href="Berkeley_Webcast" title="Berkeley Webcast">Berkeley Webcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Notre_Dame_OpenCourseWare" title="Notre Dame OpenCourseWare">Notre Dame OpenCourseWare</a></li>

<li><a href="Open.Michigan" title="Open.Michigan">Open.Michigan</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Yale_Courses" title="Open Yale Courses">Open Yale Courses</a></li>

<li><a href="Saylor_Academy" title="Saylor Academy">Saylor Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tufts_OpenCourseWare" title="Tufts OpenCourseWare">Tufts OpenCourseWare</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:OpenCourseWare" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:OpenCourseWare">OpenCourseWare</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeconsortium.org/">Open Education Consortium</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li>

<li><a href="Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information, and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">admissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">open-door policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open_universities" title="List of open universities">List of open universities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS)

<ul><li><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Anarchist_Library" title="The Anarchist Library">The Anarchist Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a>

<ul><li><a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li>Definition docs

<ul><li><a href="Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=OpenCourseWare&oldid=1303017356">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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